Thermocouples operate on the principles of the Seebeck effect, a phenomenon discovered by Thomas Johann Seebeck in 1821. This intriguing concept involves the generation of an electromotive force (EMF) or voltage at the junctions where dissimilar metals meet, arising from temperature differences. In the typical design of a thermocouple, two distinct metal wires are joined at one end to establish the measurement junction, and their opposite ends are commonly connected to a measuring instrument or controller. The selection of metals is carefully tailored to the specific temperature range for the thermocouple’s application, resulting in a diverse range of thermocouple types, each exhibiting unique temperature characteristics. When the temperature at the measurement junction (hot junction) deviates from that at the opposing end (cold junction or reference junction), a voltage emerges along the thermocouple wires. The magnitude of this voltage precisely mirrors the temperature difference between the hot and cold junctions. The resulting voltage, typically within the millivolt range, is then measured using instruments like a voltmeter. Converting this voltage output into temperature involves using standard reference tables or mathematical equations, clarifying the intricate relationship between voltage and temperature specific to the type of thermocouple in use.

A Type G thermocouple is a type of thermocouple that belongs to the family of base metal thermocouples. Thermocouples are temperature sensors that generate a voltage signal proportional to the temperature difference between two junctions. Type G thermocouples specifically consist of a combination of two different alloys: one containing 94% nickel and 6% copper (Ni-Cu) and the other containing 97% copper and 3% aluminum (Cu-Al).

The temperature range for which Type G thermocouples are commonly used is approximately -200°C to +350°C (-328°F to +662°F). These thermocouples are known for their stability and reliability in certain temperature applications. However, they may not be suitable for higher temperature ranges or harsh environments compared to other types of thermocouples.

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