Thermocouples function as temperature sensors based on the Seebeck effect, a phenomenon first identified by Thomas Johann Seebeck in 1821. This effect dictates that when two dissimilar metals are connected at two junctions, and there exists a temperature disparity between these junctions, an electromotive force (EMF) or voltage is produced across the metal junctions.

Typically comprised of two distinct metal wires joined at one end to create the measurement junction, thermocouples have their opposite ends usually linked to a measuring instrument or controller. The selection of metals for a thermocouple depends on the intended temperature range of use, as different metal combinations result in various thermocouple types, each possessing unique temperature characteristics.

When the temperature at the measurement junction (hot junction) differs from that at the opposite end (cold junction or reference junction), a voltage emerges across the thermocouple wires. This voltage magnitude is directly proportional to the temperature discrepancy between the hot and cold junctions and typically falls within the millivolt range.

To quantify this voltage, a voltmeter or other instrumentation capable of detecting low-level signals is employed. The voltage output can then be converted into temperature values using standard reference tables or mathematical equations that establish the correlation between voltage and temperature for the specific type of thermocouple in use.

A Type S thermocouple is a type of temperature sensor that is commonly used for high-temperature applications. It belongs to the family of noble metal thermocouples and is specifically designed to operate in a temperature range of around -50 to 1,600 degrees Celsius (-58 to 2,912 degrees Fahrenheit).

Type S thermocouples are composed of two different metals: platinum (Pt) and rhodium (Rh). The positive leg is pure platinum (Pt), while the negative leg is an alloy of platinum and 10% rhodium (Pt-10%Rh). The Type S thermocouple has a high level of accuracy and stability, making it suitable for precise temperature measurements in applications such as industrial furnaces, aerospace, and other high-temperature environments.

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